Biography - John Andreae
John Andreae was born in 1927 in the Himalayan hill station Mussoorie
in India.
His primary schooling was in England but secondary schooling back in India because of World War II.
He graduated BSc(Eng) in 1948 in Electrical Engineering at Imperial College, London and went on to PhD (1955).
He was married to Molly Clare Wilkinson (a New Zealander from Dunedin) in 1953. Both their sons, Peter and David, became computer scientists with PhDs in Artificial Intelligence.
John's PhD research under Professor John Lamb was studying chemical reactions in liquids by means of ultrasonic waves at frequencies of a few megahertz. This research led to his getting a job at the Akers Research Laboratories of Imperial Chemical Industries in Welwyn, Herts, where he continued the research up to nearly a gigahertz and down to a few hundred cycles. He became head of the Physics Department of the Laboratories.
The 1959 photo below shows equipment for measuring the ultrasonic absorption in liquids at 5 frequencies from 30 to 230 MHz and over a wide temperature range. Photo courtesy of Peter L. Joyce, who was largely responsible for the construction of the equipment.
When ICI closed the Akers Research Laboratories in 1961, John found a new job and a new career at the Standard Telecommunication Laboratories in Harlow, Essex. Starting as "the electronic simulation of cerebral functions", the research soon became machine learning with the invention of his first learning machine STeLLA, named after the Laboratories. The design for STeLLA (pdf, 47.2KB) was published in 1963 at the Conference of the International Federation on Automatic Control in Basle, Switzerland, and in 2 patents with Peter L. Joyce. Much of STeLLA was constructed by Peter out of relays, but the unreliability of those relays led to its physical realization being abandoned and later research being based on computer simulation.
In 1966 an opportunity to become Senior Lecturer in the Electrical Engineering Department at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, was snapped up. Two years later he found himself Professor Andreae, but administrative responsibilities proved such an impediment to research that in 1972 he requested release from them and was allowed to become Reader. In the same year protracted discussions with John G Cleary and other postgraduate students bore fruit in a new learning system, called PURR-PUSS. The first book on this system was published in 1977, the second in 1998. John Andreae's research and that of his postgraduate students was published in a series of Reports to the Defence Scientific Establishment of New Zealand (ISSN 0110 1188) from 1972 to 1991. The first of these reports can be downloaded as uc_dse_1.zip (124KB) and unzipped to the pdf file uc-dse.pdf (266 KB).
Retired by the University in 1992, he continues his research towards a conscious robot, and is Professor Andreae again!
Published Papers
1. J.Lamb, J.H.Andreae and R.Bird (1948): Absorption and Dispersion of Ultrasonic Waves in Acetic Acid. Nature v162 pp993-6.
2. J.H.Andreae and J.Lamb (1951): Ultrasonic Relaxation Processes in Pure Liquids. Proc.Phys.Soc vB64 pp1021-1031.
3. John Lamb and John H.Andreae (1951): Ultrasonic Viscosity and Relaxation Effects in Liquids. Colloquium over Ultrasonore Trillingen. pp48-56.
4. J.Lamb and J.H.Andreae (1951): Ultrasonic Absorption in Carbon Disulphide. Nature v167 pp898-901.
5. J.H.Andreae and J.Lamb (1956): Ultrasonic Relaxation Theory for Liquids. Proc.Phys.Soc. vB69 pp814-822.
6. J.H.Andreae, E.L.Heasell and J.Lamb (1956): Ultrasonic Relaxation of Carbon Disulphide. Proc.Phys.Soc. vB69 pp625-632.
7. J.H.Andreae (1957): Ultrasonic Relaxation in Methylene Chloride. Proc.Phys.Soc. vB70 p71.
8. J.H.Andreae and P.L.Joyce (1958): Double Tetrode Oscillator. Wireless World April, pp173-177.
9. J.H.Andreae (1958): Transmission Line Calculator. Wireless World April, pp191-193.
10. J.H.Andreae, P.L.Joyce and R.J.Oliver (1960): Ultrasonic Relaxation in Liquid Methylene Chloride. Proc.Phys.Soc. vB75 p82.
11. J.H.Andreae, C.Jupp and D.G.Vincent (1960): Compressional Relaxation with a Tuning Fork. J.Acous.Soc. America v32 no3 pp406-7.
12. J.H.Andreae and P.D.Edmonds (1961): Two Megacycle Ultrasonic Interferometer. J.Sci.Instruments v38 p508.
13. J.H.Andreae and P.D.Edmonds (1961): Developments in the Techniques for Measuring Ultrasonic Absorption in Liquids. Proc.3rd Int.Congress on Acoustics. Elsevier, pp556-8.
14. J.H.Andreae, P.D.Edmonds and P.L.Joyce (1961): Compressional Relaxation in Liquids. Proc.3rd Int.Congress on Acoustics. Elsevier. pp542-4.
15. J.H.Andreae and P.L.Joyce (1962): 30 to 230 Megacycle Pulse Technique for Ultrasonic Absorption Measurements in Liquids. Brit.J.Appl.Physics v13 pp462-7.
16. J.F.McKellar and J.H.Andreae (1962): Ultrasonic Relaxation in a Micellar System: n-Octylamine-Water. Nature v195 pp865-7.
17. J.H.Andreae, P.D.Edmonds and J.F.McKellar (1965): Ultrasonic Studies of Aqueous Solutions of Non-electrolytes. Acustica v15 no2 pp74-88.
18. J.H.Andreae (1963): STeLLA: A Scheme for a Learning Machine. Proc.2nd IFAC Congress, Basel, 1963. In Automation and Remote Control, ed.Broida, Butterworths.(1964) p.503.
19. B.R.Gaines and J.H.Andreae (1966): A Learning Machine in the Context of the General Control Problem. Proc.3rd IFAC Congress, London.
20. J.H.Andreae (1969): Learning Machines: A Unified View. Encyclopaedia of Linguistics, Information and Control. ed.Meetham. Pergamon Press. pp 261-270.
21. J.H.Andreae and P.M.Cashin (1969): A Learning Machine with Monologue. Int.J.Man-Machine Studies v1 pp1-20.
22. J.H.Andreae, R.W.Platts, N.J.Gale and K.D.Henderson (1972): Developing an Interactive Aid for School Timetabling. Proc.3rd Nat.Conf. of N.Z. Computer Society. Dunedin. pp181-202.
23. J.H.Andreae, G.A.Cox and M.R.Sloane (1972): Modelling and Simulation. 12th Science Congress. Royal Society of New Zealand. Lecture No.10 and Abstract.
24. J.H.Andreae (1973): Intelligent Identification of Signals from an Unknown Source. National Electronics Conference, Christchurch. (Reproduced in Man-Machine Studies, report no. UC-DSE/2(1973)).
25. J.H.Andreae and J.G.Cleary (1976): A New Mechanism for a Brain. Int.J.Man-Machine Studies v8 no1 pp89-119.
26. J.H.Andreae (1978): PURR-PUSS: Computer Simulation of a Teachable Machine. SAGSET J. v8 no4 pp123-133.
27. P.M.Andreae and J.H.Andreae (1979): A Teachable Machine in the Real World. Int.J.Man_Machine Studies v10 pp301-312.
28. J.H.Andreae (1978): Descriptive and Prescriptive Names. Commentary on "The Command Neuron Concept" by Kupfermann and Weiss. Behavioral and Brain Sciences v1 no1 pp11-12.
29. J.H.Andreae (1978): AI: Another Defence of the Field. Commentary on "Computational Models and Empirical Constraints" by Pylyshyn. Behavioral and Brain Sciences v1 no1 p100.
30. J.H.Andreae (1978): On Inference from Input/Output. Commentary on "The Nature and Plausibility of Cognitivism" by Haugeland. Behavioral and Brain Sciences v1 no2 pp226-227.
31. J.H.Andreae (1979): Brain Model: A Bridge from Psychology to Physiology. 9th Annual Meeting of Soc.for Neurosciences, Atlanta, Georgia. Paper 1026.
32. J.H.Andreae and P.M.Andreae (1979): Machine Learning with a Multiple Context. Proc.Int.Conf. on Cybernetics and Society (IEEE), Denver. pp734-9.
33. J.H.Andreae (1979): Book review rejoinder. Alberta J.Educ.Res. v25 no3 pp204-205.
34. B.A.MacDonald and J.H.Andreae (1981): The Competence of a Multiple Context Learning System. Int.J.Gen.Systems v7 pp123-137.
35. J.H.Andreae and B.A.MacDonald (1981): Learning with Finite Automata. AISB Quarterly no40-41 pp29-30.
36. J.H.Andreae (1986): Purposeful Computer Systems. Proceeding of the First Int.Conf. on Future Advances in Computers, held in Christchurch, NZ, 16-21 Feb.1986. Published in 1987 by Dept of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
37. J.H.Andreae (1987): Expert System for a Robot Body. Proc.IPENZ Ann.Conf., Christchurch, N.Z. 10-14 May 1987. vol2 pp.287-298.
38. J.H.Andreae (1987): Design of a Conscious Robot. Metascience vol.5 pp.41-54.
39. J.H.Andreae (1988): Seeking Excellence: A Robot That Knows What It Is Doing. Proc.25th New Zealand National Electronics Conference (NELCON '88). Christchurch. 31 Aug - 2 Sept, 1988. pp.46-51.
40. S.Panchavinin and J.H.Andreae (1989): Computer Aids for Teaching Electrical Circuit Theory. Proc. 11th N.Z.Computer Conference, Wellington 16-18 Aug. pp.93-105.
41. J.H.Andreae and B.A.MacDonald (1991): Expert Control for a Robot Body. Kybernetes v.20 no.4 pp.28-54.
42. J.H.Andreae (1992): Robots Need to be Conscious. Commentary on Bridgeman: Plans and the Structure of Consciousness. Psycoloquy v3 no17. psyc.92.3.17.consciousness.2.andreae
43. Catherine I. Watson and John H.Andreae (1992): A Test to Assess the Remedial Worth of a Computer-Based Speech Therapy Aid. Proc. 4th Australian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology, Brisbane, 1-3 December. pp.279-284.
44. John H.Andreae, Shaun W.Ryan and Mark L.Tomlinson (1993): Structure from Associative Learning. In. From Animals to Animats 2: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (SAB92), ed.J.-A.Meyer, H.L.Roitblat and S.W.Wilson. MIT Press. p.512. (Summary)
45. A.A.Dingle, J.H.Andreae and R.D.Jones (1993): A Chaotic Neural Unit. Proc.IEEE Int.Conf. on Neural Networks, San Francisco, pp.335-340
46. J.H.Andreae and S.W.Ryan (1994): Associative Learning and Task Complexity. Commentary on P.M.Greenfield "Language, tools and brain: the ontogeny and phylogeny of hierarchically organized sequential behavior." BBS 14:531-595. Behavioral and Brain Sciences vol.17 no2 pp.357-358. June.
47. John H. Andreae (1993): Brains, Neural Networks and Expert Systems. Proceedings of the First New Zealand International Two-Stream Conference on Neural Networks and Expert Systems, ed.Nikola K.Kasabov. Invited introductory paper. pp.3,4 Dunedin 24-26 November, 1993. IEEE Computer Society Press.
48. Shaun W. Ryan and John H. Andreae (1993): Learning Sequential and Continuous Control. Proceedings of the First New Zealand International Two-Stream Conference on Neural Networks and Expert Systems, ed. Nikola K.Kasabov. pp.302-305. Dunedin 24-26 November, 1993. IEEE Computer Society Press.
49. Alison A. Dingle, John H. Andreae and Richard D. Jones(1993): The Chaotic Self-Organizing Map. Proceedings of the First New Zealand International Two-Stream Conference on Neural Networks and Expert Systems, ed. Nikola K.Kasabov. pp.15-18. Dunedin 24-26 November, 1993. IEEE Computer Society Press.
50. Shaun W. Ryan and John H. Andreae (1995)(accepted 23sep92): Improving the Performance of Kanerva's Associative Memory. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol.6 no1 pp.125-130 January.
51. John H. Andreae, Shaun W. Ryan, Mark L. Tomlinson and Peter M. Andreae (1993): Structure from Associative Learning. Int.Journal of Man-Machine Studies. vol.39 pp.1031-1050.
52. John H. Andreae: What to look for in a Conscious Robot. Proc. Australian and New Zealand Conf. on Intelligent Information Systems, 1993 ANZIIS-93. Perth, W.Australia, 1-3 Dec 1993. pp.639-643.
53. John H. Andreae: Painted Vision and Robot Planning. Proc. 2nd Australian and New Zealand Conf. on Intelligent Information Systems, 1994 ANZIIS-94. Brisbane, Australia, 29 Nov-2 Dec 1994. pp.387-391.
54. Steven R.Muir, Richard D.Jones, John H.Andreae, Ivan M.Donaldson (1995): Measurement and Analysis of Single and Multiple Finger Tapping in Normal and Parkinsonian Subjects. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, vol.1 (2) pp.89-96. Elsevier.
55. John H Andreae: The Future of Associative Learning. Proc. 2nd New Zealand Int. Two-stream Conference on Artificial Neural Networks and Expert Systems, ANNES'95, Dunedin, 1995. pp.194-197
56. John H Andreae: Imagine that You are the Brain in a Robot! Proc. ICONIP'97 Dunedin 24-28 Nov.1997. pp.923-6.
57. John H Andreae: A Robot Brain with Mediating States. Commentary on target article entitled "In Defense of Representation as Mediation" by Arthur B.Markham and Eric Dietrich in psycoloquy.98.9.48.representation-mediation.1.markham, PSYCOLOQUY vol.9 no.59 (1998) psycoloquy.98.9.59.representation-mediation.5.andreae 25 Oct 1998
58. Paul R.Davidson, Richard D.Jones, Harsha R.Sirisena, John H. Andreae, Ivan M.Donaldson, Peter D.Neilson: Nonlinear Inverse Control Applied to the Adaptive Theory of Human Purposive Movement. Proc. Ann. Meeting of the Australasian College of Physical Scientists and Engineers in Medicine, ACPSEM (NZ Branch) 26-27 Nov 1998, Christchurch. 1, pp.12-13.
59. Paul R.Davidson, Richard D.Jones, Harsha R.Sirisena, John H. Andreae, Peter D.Neilson: Evaluation of a nonlinear generalization of the adaptive model theory. Proc. First Joint Meeting of the BMES/EMBS, Atlanta, GA, 1, 392 (1999)
60. Paul R.Davidson, Richard D.Jones, Harsha R.Sirisena, John H. Andreae, Peter D.Neilson: A neurobiologically motivated generalization of the adaptive model theory of human voluntary movement to the control of nonlinear systems. Proc. First Joint Meeting of the BMES/EMBS, Atlanta, GA, 1, 535 (1999)
61. John H. Andreae: The Human Brain is No Program. Commentary on Green on AI-Cognitive Science. Psycoloquy vol.11, issue 096, article 23, (2000) pages 1-3. http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/cgi/psyc/newpsy?11.096 or http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/psyc-bin/newpsy?ai-cognitive-science.23
62. Paul R. Davidson, Richard D. Jones, Harsha R. Sirisena, and John H. Andreae: Evidence for inverse models in the human nervous system. Human Movement Science, vol.19, pp.761-795 (2000).
63. Paul R. Davidson, Richard D. Jones, John H. Andreae, Harsha R. Sirisena: Modeling Human Open-loop Tracking Behavior. Proceedings of 23rd International Conference of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Istanbul, Turkey 2001;23:CD-ROM, 4 pages.
64. Paul R. Davidson, Richard D. Jones, John H. Andreae, Harsha R. Sirisena: Detecting Adaptive Inverse Models in the Central Nervous System. Proceedings of 23rd International Conference of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Istanbul, Turkey 2001;23:CD-ROM, 4 pages.
65. P.R.Davidson, R.D.Jones, J.H.Andreae and H.R.Sirisena. Simulating the open-loop behaviour of the human motor control system. (Abstract). New Zealand Medical Journal 2001;114:480.
66 P.R.Davidson, R.D.Jones, H.R.Sirisena and J.H.Andreae. Understanding the role of sensory feedback in the human motor control system. (Abstract). New Zealand Medical Journal 2001;114:298.
67 P.R.Davidson, R.D.Jones, H.R.Sirisena, J.H.Andreae. Evidence for the formation of inverse models in the human brain. (Abstract). International Journal of Neuroscience 2001;109:221.
68. John H Andreae: Can Learning Take Us Past Programs to Consciousness. (Abstract of Invited Talk) Proc. 5th Biannual Conf. on Artificial Neural Networks and Expert Systems, ANNES2001, November 2001, Dunedin. p.11.
69. John H Andreae: A Microworld for Robot Awareness. Proc. 5th Biannual Conf. on Artificial Neural Networks and Expert Systems, ANNES2001, November 2001, Dunedin. pp.207-212.
70. Davidson PR, Jones RD, Sirisena HR, Andreae JH: Simulating closed- and open-loop voluntary movement with nonlinear Adaptive Model Theory (nAMT). IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. (in press - June 2002).
71. J.K.Tan, R.D.Jones, J.H.Andreae, P.R.Davidson, H.R.Sirisena and T.J.Anderson. Does the oculomotor control system take initial eye velocity into account when making a saccade? (Abstract). Australasian Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine 2002;25(220).
72. Tan JK, Jones RD, Andreae JH, Davidson PR, Frampton CM, Sirisena HR, Anderson TJ (Sep 2003). Can the oculomotor control system compensate for initial velocity when making a saccade? Proceedings of 25th International Conference of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC 2003), Cancun, Mexico, 1742-1745.
Books
John H Andreae (1977): Thinking with the Teachable Machine. Academic Press. ISBN: 0-12-060050-1
John H. Andreae (1998): Associative Learning for a Robot Intelligence. Imperial College Press (World Scientific Publ.Co., Singapore). ISBN:1-86094-132-X. http://www.elec.canterbury.ac.nz/purr_puss
Patents
J.H.Andreae and P.L.Joyce (1965): Learning Machine. Brit.Patents 1011685-7.